10K

Gleam

lfsaldenbirch , ,

“Gleam”, distributed fairly evenly throughout the work, is related to “glimmer” and “glimpse”.  The root *glim- can be found in glimmer, glimpse, glim (brightness).  It’s a ray of light or even of radiant beauty.

  • 01.075 There many a gleaming golden hoard
  • 03.001 and behind its shoulders the tips of snow-peaks gleamed.
  • 04.041 It burned with a rage that made it gleam
  • 05.126 and his eyes gleamed cold
  • 05.127 in the gleam of his own eyes,
  • 06.052 but you could see his eyes gleaming
  • 08.005 and when it was Bilbo’s turn he would see gleams
  • 08.005 and sometimes they would gleam down
  • 08.071 Their gleaming hair was twined with flowers;
  • 10.020 The gold gleamed on his neck
  • 11.029 there was a gleam of yellow upon its far roof,
  • 11.032 A gleam of light came straight through the opening
  • 11.037 The gleam went out,
  • 13.009 There was not a gleam of light –
  • 13.017 a twinkling gleam showed them returning,
  • 13.019 the same white gleam had shone before him
  • 17.050 with a gleam of chill flame,
  • 17.055 in the gloom the great dwarf gleamed like gold
  • 17.062 Seeing the sudden gleam
  • 18.032 that it gleamed ever
  • 18.053 snow yet unmelted was gleaming pale.

“gleam, n.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. 11 May 2015.

Farewell

lfsaldenbirch , , ,

This compound word is simply the imperative phrase “fare well” treated as one word.  The OED classes it as poetical, so I will add our poetry tag to it.  It’s a lovely, high-sounding word for formal leavetakings.

  • 03.050 Now they rode away amid songs of farewell
  • 07.002 The dwarves were crying farewells
  • 07.007 Farewell!’ they cried,
  • 07.012 farewell wherever you fare!’
  • 07.129 and bidding him many farewells they rode off
  • 07.146 Now Gandalf too said farewell.
  • 10.045 and his councillors bade them farewell
  • 16.046 and then he said farewell to the elves
  • 17.027 Farewell!’
  • 17.029 in the meanwhile farewell!’
  • 18.017 ‘Farewell, good thief,’
  • 18.018 ‘Farewell, King under the Mountain!’
  • 18.019 Farewell!’ (Thorin to Bilbo)
  • 18.038 ‘Farewell, Balin!’
  • 18.038 and farewell, Dwalin;
  • 18.038 and farewell Dori, Nori, Ori,
  • 18.038 Farewell Thorin Oakenshield!
  • 18.044 Farewell! O Elvenking!’
  • 18.045 Farewell! O Gandalf!’
  • 18.049 Farewell!’ (Thranduil to Bilbo)
  • 19.018 he said farewell to Elrond,

“farewell, int., n. (and adj.), and adv.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. 11 May 2015.

Ere

lfsaldenbirch , ,

This tough old adverb, preposition, conjunction, and adjective with a poetical and old-fashioned sound is still an active word in the OED.  There are obsolete meanings for “ere” which overlap with the uses we see here.  It’s used in solemn dwarvish poetry in the Shire, and outside of the Shire during parleys between leaders after chapter 10.  And the narrator uses it.  Our narrator only lets his personality show once in a while – usually speaking directly to the reader/listener.  He uses it in battle scenes – it sounds to me that the narrator has become excited into a higher-register state.  We’re going to keep our eye on these passages.  I’m labeling this one as both poetical and high.

  • 01.073 We must away ere break of day
  • 01.077 We must away, ere break of day,
  • 01.082 We must away, ere break of day,
  • 01.144 We must away, ere break of day,
  • 15.053 Begone now ere our arrows fly!
  • 15.054 Gather your wisdom ere we return!’
  • 15.055 Ere many hours were past, (narrator)
  • 17.037 ere I begin this war for gold.
  • 17.048 Ere long the vanguard swirled (narrator)
  • 19.007 Ere long now,’

“ere, adv.1, prep., conj., and adj.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. 11 May 2015.

Dim

lfsaldenbirch ,

I expect less than outdoor lighting in a story about dwarves and their treasure inside a mountain, yet we do not see “dim” after Chapter 13.  Fascinating!

  • 01.068 in the dim light it made him look strange
  • 01.082 and caverns dim
  • 03.010 and the light became very dim,
  • 04.005 with a dreadful fall into a dim valley at one side of them.
  • 05.005 and dim before his eyes.
  • 07.045 They passed through this dim hall,
  • 07.126 in the dim shadows of that place
  • 08.002 As their eyes became used to the dimness
  • 08.032 when they became aware of the dim blowing of horns
  • 08.076 There was the usual dim grey light
  • 09.053 Where the forest wide and dim
  • 09.061 There was a dim sheet of water no longer overshadowed,
  • 12.012 It is almost dark so that its vastness can only be dimly guessed,
  • 12.014 could dimly be seen coats of mail,
  • 12.020 he had caught the dim echoes of a knocking sound
  • 13.023 and of the dim beginnings of wide stairs
  • 13.044 Before them light came dimly through great doors,

Beard

lfsaldenbirch ,

Dwarves definitely have beards, as do Beorn and Gandalf.  I’ve included all mentions of beards here and noted specially those places (only after Chapter 11) when “beard” is used as part of a saying – a blessing (it is good for beards to grow long and full), or curse, or exclamation.

  • 01.004 and smaller than the bearded Dwarves.
  • 01.004 Hobbits have no beards.
  • 01.007 over which his long white beard
  • 01.026 with a blue beard
  • 01.031 on the step with a white beard
  • 01.035 said Balin with the white beard.
  • 01.038 and yellow beards;
  • 01.071 while the shadow of Gandalf’s beard wagged against the wall.
  • 01.124 and my grandfather with singed beards.
  • 02.026 as he had no beard.
  • 03.010 His head and beard wagged this way and that
  • 03.016 With beards all a-wagging?
  • 03.018 and most of all at their beards.
  • 03.027 “Don’t dip your beard
  • 06.046 Thorin’s beard wagging beside him,
  • 06.052 with their beards dangling down,
  • 06.078 till beards blaze, and eyes glaze;
  • 07.022 and a great beard.
  • 07.034 Standing near was a huge man with a thick black beard
  • 07.069 and bowed so low that their beards swept the stone floor.
  • 07.095 and shook their beards,
  • 08.088 or a bit of beard or of a hood.
  • 08.107 and as for his beard,
  • 10.010 in his draggled beard;
  • 10.038 with beards combed
  • 11.018 and tread on my beard,
  • 11.026 and our beards will grow
  • 11.032 and the dwarves with wagging beards watching impatiently.
  • 12.004 may your beard grow ever longer,’
  • 16.010 may his beard grow ever longer;
  • 17.015 By the beard of Durin!
  • 17.015 May his beard wither!
  • 17.031 Their beards were forked
  • 17.035 in their beards.
  • 18.038 May your beards never grow thin!’
  • 19.042 that Balin’s beard was several inches longer,

Axe

lfsaldenbirch ,

I certainly have an axe in my tool shed!  In Chapters 1 and 7, it’s a tool for wood-splitting – as Gandalf says, in the Shire “axes are used for trees”.  I find it lovely that between the axes of the goblins and the axes in the Mountain and in the battle, Beorn’s house was a little rest – a place where his huge axe was for firewood.

  • 01.117 and axes are used for trees,
  • 04.025 carrying the axes
  • 04.025 Hammers, axes, swords, daggers, pickaxes, tongs,
  • 06.072 and axes
  • 07.034 and was leaning on a large axe.
  • 07.035 put down his axe
  • 12.014 and axes,
  • 13.035 with a silver-hafted axe
  • 17.056 Thorin wielded his axe with mighty strokes,
  • 18.016 and notched axe were cast upon the floor.

Bewuther

lfsaldenbirch , , , , , , ,

This beautiful word is a Tolkien back-formation from a rare spelling of the obsolete verb “whither”: to make a blustering sound or rage about in the manner of the wind.  “Be-whither” – surround with confusing sounds and rush of energy – becomes “bewuthered”.  Magnificent!  Thanks to Alert Reader Grace who pointed out “Wuthering Heights” to the good of this entry!

“Bewuther” comes just as Gandalf raps on Bilbo’s door in Chapter 1 to introduce the last dwarves and incidentally obscure the mark he had made previously on that door.

[01.048] Bilbo rushed along the passage, very angry, and altogether bewildered and bewuthered – this was the most awkward Wednesday he ever remembered.

Not only are we just getting to know our prosaic little protagonist, but he’s having an awkward Wednesday.  We’re thoroughly in the Children’s Story mode where things are more funny than scary.  Tolkien plays with the sounds of the words because he’s telling the story out loud.  He has invented a word which we absolutely understand as much because of its form as its context.  “Be-” suggests that the feeling of bewutherment is an intense one.  The W sound alliterates with “bewildered”, allowing us to assume that “wuthering” has as much to do with being lost as “wildering”.

  • 01.048 and bewuthered –

“ˈwhither, v.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. 9 May 2015.

Bewitch

lfsaldenbirch , ,

“Bewitch” uses “be-” in its meaning as an intensifier of verbs, to thoroughly witch something.

  • 06.030 Gandalf had made a special study of bewitchments with fire
  • 13.039 more clear of the bewitchment of the hoard

“bewitch, v.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. 6 May 2015.

Bewilder

lfsaldenbirch , ,

The word uses the intensifier function of “be-” to strengthen the lost-ness of archaic verb “wilder” – to lose one’s way or be pathless.  It’s in common use, although the root verb is archaic.  Wouldn’t that be a lovely word to encounter in a story?  Wildered?  We do have wilderland and wilderness coming up.  After all, we “are come to the very edge of the Wild,” (03.006).

  • 01.048 and altogether bewildered
  • 05.148 while bewildered goblins were still picking up
  • 17.025 so strong was the bewilderment of the treasure upon him,
  • 18.021 and bewildered among their foes.

“bewilder, v.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. 6 May 2015.

Betray

lfsaldenbirch , ,

Only Bilbo’s gift of the Arkenstone to Bard earns the word “betray”.  In this word, be- is an intensifier added to the obsolete verb “tray” – to trouble, vex, or afflict.  It took two thirds of the book for Bilbo to grow into someone close and trusted enough for his actions to be betrayal.

  • 16.032 Are you betraying your friends,
  • 17.019 I am betrayed,’

“betray, v.” OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web. 6 May 2015.